ALICE IN THE LABOR FORCE
According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, from 2010 to 2024, the number of workers in Hawai‘i grew from 571,630 to 620,930. Most recently, from January to December 2024, the state gained 3,950 workers. During the same period, the unemployment rate decreased slightly — from 2.8% to 2.6%. These rates were higher than the pre-pandemic rate (2.2% in January 2020).
Hawai‘i workers face a range of ongoing challenges. The workplace continues to evolve with the incorporation of new technologies, including AI, and the shift to more precarious work arrangements, such as many part-time jobs and hourly employment. These arrangements make it easier for employers to reduce work hours or cut employment altogether when new technology is adopted, the economy ebbs, or financial priorities change. In addition, with the costs of basics increasing, many jobs in Hawai‘i do not pay enough to provide financial stability in 2024. In Hawai‘i:
- 57% of full-time workers did not earn enough to afford the ALICE Household Survival Budget for one adult and one school-age child.
- Minimum-wage workers in Hawaiʻi saw an increase in wages to $14.00 per hour in 2024, up from $12.00 in 2023.
- A wage of $20 per hour was not enough to support the ALICE Household Survival Budget for one adult and one school-age child in 100% of Hawai‘i counties. (See the ALICE Wage Tool.)
Data on financial hardship among Hawai‘i workers shows variations in three cross-cutting areas: industry sector, occupation, and work arrangements.
Industry sector: There are workers below the ALICE Threshold across all industry sectors in Hawai‘i. Among the 10 largest industry sectors, the percentage of workers living in households below the ALICE Threshold varied from 11% in Professional Scientific and Technical Services to 42% in Other Services Except Public Administration.
Rates of Financial Hardship Vary by Industry Sector
Industry Sector Employment by ALICE Status, Hawai‘i, 2024
| Industry Sector | Total Workers |
Poverty
ALICE
Above ALICE Threshold
|
|---|---|---|
| Accommodation and Food Services | 90,254 | |
| Health Care and Social Assistance | 89,736 | |
| Retail Trade | 68,345 | |
| Educational Services | 66,023 | |
| Public Administration | 61,145 | |
| Construction | 53,219 | |
| Transportation and Warehousing | 39,246 | |
| Professional Scientific and Technical Services | 39,096 | |
| Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services | 33,537 | |
| Other Services Except Public Administration | 31,384 | |
| Finance and Insurance | 25,177 | |
| Real Estate and Rental and Leasing | 21,459 | |
| Manufacturing | 20,608 | |
| Arts Entertainment and Recreation | 16,005 | |
| Wholesale Trade | 11,435 | |
| Information | 8,904 | |
| Agriculture Forestry Fishing and Hunting | 6,316 | |
| Utilities | 5,609 | |
Note: This table includes wages of full-time workers residing in Hawai‘i with income from occupations in the listed sectors. Wages include tips. ALICE Threshold status is determined by comparing workers' total household income to the ALICE Household Survival Budget for their household composition and location.
Sources: ALICE Threshold, 2024; U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 2024
Common occupations (jobs): Many common jobs exist across industry sectors — for example, Customer Service Representatives work in Health Care, Retail Trade, and other fields — so it is also important to look at financial hardship by occupation.
A Large Share of Workers in the 20 Most Common Occupations are Below the ALICE Threshold
Labor Characteristics, Most Common Occupations, Hawai‘i, 2024
| Most Common Occupations | Total Workers in Occupation Residing in Hawai‘i | Percent of Workers Below ALICE Threshold | Median Hourly Wage |
|---|---|---|---|
| Elementary and Middle School Teachers | 15,360 | 15% | $31.73 |
| Registered Nurses | 15,103 | 12% | $53.69 |
| Retail Salespersons | 13,803 | 41% | $19.52 |
| Cashiers | 13,066 | 40% | $14.64 |
| First-Line Supervisors of Retail Sales Workers | 12,762 | 28% | $29.29 |
| Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners | 12,404 | 47% | $20.50 |
| Waiters and Waitresses | 12,365 | 51% | $19.52 |
| Janitors and Building Cleaners | 12,274 | 44% | $21.96 |
| Secretaries and Administrative Assistants, Except Legal, Medical, and Executive | 12,095 | 30% | $26.85 |
| Cooks | 10,910 | 51% | $19.62 |
| Customer Service Representatives | 9,990 | 28% | $21.96 |
| Office Clerks, General | 9,483 | 29% | $17.57 |
| Landscaping and Groundskeeping Workers | 8,962 | 32% | $18.65 |
| Security Guards | 8,823 | 52% | $19.52 |
| Driver/Sales Workers and Truck Drivers | 8,747 | 19% | $27.82 |
| Laborers and Freight, Stock, and Material Movers, Hand | 8,564 | 25% | $20.99 |
| Accountants and Auditors | 8,515 | 11% | $35.14 |
| Stockers and Order Fillers | 7,700 | 46% | $19.52 |
| Food Preparation Workers | 7,535 | 50% | $15.23 |
| Carpenters | 7,339 | 33% | $26.36 |
Note: This table includes wages of full-time workers residing in Hawai‘i with income from these occupations. Wages include tips. ALICE Threshold status is determined by comparing workers' total household income to the ALICE Household Survival Budget for their household composition and location. Prior iterations of this table used data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and are not directly comparable.
Sources: ALICE Threshold, 2024; U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, PUMS, 2024
Work arrangements: In 2024 in Hawai‘i, 71% of people in the labor force worked full-time (35+ hours per week, for 50+ weeks). Yet only about 40% of employed people (age 16+) had the security of a salaried, full-time job. The rest relied on non-standard work arrangements — typically hourly paid work from one or multiple jobs (including part-time and gig work). Hourly and part-time workers are more likely to have fluctuations in income due to schedule changes and variable hours and they are less likely to receive benefits, such as health insurance, paid time off, family leave, or retirement plans.
In Hawai‘i in 2024, of people in the labor force, 26% worked part time (compared to 26% nationally). Part-time workers were much more likely to be below the ALICE Threshold than full-time workers (43% vs. 23%).
In addition, 35% of people in Hawai‘i (age 16+) were out of the labor force (not working or looking for work in the past four weeks), compared to 36% nationally. This included those who were retired (20%) and those who were out of the labor force for other reasons, such as disability, health issues, caregiving responsibilities, or student status (15%).