Young adult with a disability sitting in a wheelchair using his smartphone

Research Center

ALICE In Focus Series

Financial Hardship Among People With Disabilities

Longstanding discriminatory policies and practices that impact access to education, employment, health care, housing and other resources create barriers to financial stability for people with disabilities. This fact hits home for the more than 40 million people in the U.S. who have a cognitive, hearing, vision, or ambulatory disability, or one that makes self-care or independent living difficult.

According to the outdated Federal Poverty Level, 18% of people with disabilities in the U.S. lived in poverty in 2019. Yet United For ALICE data shows that another 34% were also struggling, in households that earned above the FPL but less than what it costs to afford the basics. These households are ALICE: Asset Limited, Income Constrained, Employed.

Between families in poverty and those who are ALICE, more than half of all people with disabilities in the U.S. lived in a household with income below the ALICE Threshold, struggling to afford essentials in the communities where they lived.

The tabs below offer a more detailed view of people with disabilities who are experiencing financial hardship.

Additional Resources on People With Disabilities and Financial Hardship

As outlined in detail in United For ALICE's 2019 report, The Consequences of Insufficient Household Income, living in a household that is struggling financially impacts all aspects of a person’s life — from housing stability and food security, to access to quality education and technology. These issues are often compounded by having a disability and by persistent discrimination and systemic barriers that limit access to resources and opportunities for financial stability for many people with disabilities and their families.

Key resources related to people with disabilities and financial hardship are included below, offering important context and even deeper analysis. This list includes the references linked in our ALICE in Focus: People With Disabilities Research Brief, as well as additional resources on topics from the ALICE Disabilities Data Dashboard.

Topics:

People With Disabilities And Financial Hardship (General)

Goodman, N., Morris, M., Morris, Z., & McGarity, S. (2020, October). The extra costs of living with a disability in the U.S. – Resetting the policy table. National Disability Institute. Retrieved from: https://www.nationaldisabilityinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/extra-costs-living-with-disability-brief.pdf

Goodman, N., Morris, M., Boston, K. (2017). Financial inequality: Disability, race, and poverty in America. National Disability Institute. Retrieved from https://www.nationaldisabilityinstitute.org/reports/financial-inequality-disability-race-and-poverty-in-america

National Disability Institute. (n.d.). Disability, race and ethnicity: Factsheets and infographics. Retrieved from https://www.nationaldisabilityinstitute.org/reports/disability-race-and-ethnicity-factsheets-and-infographics

Newville, D. & Ain, J. (2018, June). Federal policy brief: Savings penalties push families deeper into poverty. Prosperity Now. Retrieved March 28, 2022, from https://prosperitynow.org/files/PDFs/Savings-Penalties-Push-Families-Deeper-into-Poverty.pdf

Prosperity Now. (2018, February 1). Infographic: Financial stability for people with disabilities. Prosperity Now. Retrieved March 28, 2022, from https://prosperitynow.org/resources/infographic-financial-stability-people-disabilities

Institute on Disability/UCED. Annual Disability Statistics Compendium. University of New Hampshire. Retrieved from https://disabilitycompendium.org State and county level data example: https://disabilitycompendium.org/compendium/2019-state-report-for-county-level-data-prevalence/NJ

University of New Hampshire. Center for Research on Disability. Retrieved from https://www.researchondisability.org/?mc_cid=f540592fb5&mc_eid=ebe9549f46

Vallas, R., Knackstedt, K., Brown, H., Cai, J., Fremstad, S. & Stettner, A. (2022, April 21). Economic justice is disability justice. The Century Foundation. Retrieved from https://tcf.org/content/report/economic-justice-disability-justice

Defining Disability

Adata.org. What is the definition of disability under the ADA? Retrieved from https://adata.org/faq/what-definition-disability-under-ada

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). Disability datasets: Population surveys that include the standard disability questions. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/disabilityandhealth/datasets.html

Francis, L., & Silvers, A. (2016, October). Policy forum: Perspectives on the meaning of "disability." AMA Journal of Ethics, 18(10), 1025–1033. Retrieved from https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/perspectives-meaning-disability/2016-10

New Editions Consulting, Inc. (2018, September 11). Federal statutory definitions of disability. Retrieved from https://rockymountainada.org/sites/default/files/2018-12/Federal_Statutory_Definitions_of_Disability_10_15_2018.pdf

Jain-Link, P. & Kennedy, J.T. (2019, June 3). Why people hide their disabilities at work. Harvard Business Review. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2019/06/why-people-hide-their-disabilities-at-work

Rohwerder, B. (2015, November). Disability inclusion: Topic guide. GSDRC, University of Birmingham. Retrieved from https://gsdrc.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/DisabilityInclusion.pdf

SSA.Gov. (n.d.). Disability benefits: How you qualify. Retrieved from https://www.ssa.gov/benefits/disability/qualify.html

University of Washington. (2016). Disability stigma and your patients [Factsheet]. Aging Well with a Physical Disability Factsheet Series. Healthy Aging & Physical Disability RRTC. Retrieved from http://agerrtc.washington.edu

U.S. Census Bureau. (2021, November 22). Group quarters and residence rules for poverty. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/topics/income-poverty/poverty/guidance/group-quarters.html

Demographics: Age, Sex, Gender, Race/Ethnicity, Sexual Orientation

Badgett, M.V., Choi, S.K., & Wilson, B.D.M. (2019, October). LGBT poverty in the United States: A study of differences between sexual orientation and gender identity groups. The William Institute. Retrieved from https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/National-LGBT-Poverty-Oct-2019.pdf

Braveman, P.A., Arkin, E., Proctor, D., Kauh, T. & Holm, N. (2022, February). Systemic and structural racism: Definitions, examples, health damages, and approaches to dismantling. Health Affairs, 41(2). Retrieved from https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/10.1377/hlthaff.2021.01394

Carpenter, C.S., Eppink, S.T., & Gonzales, G. (2020, February 11). Transgender status, gender identity, and socioeconomic outcomes in the United States. Labor Market Inequality, 73(3). Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0019793920902776

Dattaro, L. (2020, September 14). Largest study to date confirms overlap between autism and gender diversity. Retrieved from https://www.spectrumnews.org/news/largest-study-to-date-confirms-overlap-between-autism-and-gender-diversity

Elder, T.E., Figlio, D., Imberman, S., and Persico, C. (2021). Segregation and racial gaps in special education. Education Next, 21(2), 62–8. Retrieved from https://www.educationnext.org/segregation-racial-gaps-special-education-new-evidence-on-debate-over-disproportionality

Full Spectrum Child Care. (2020, September 10). When identities collide: The significance of intersectionality within the disability community. Retrieved from https://www.fullspectrumchildcare.com/blog/when-identities-collide-the-significance-of-intersectionality-within-the-disability-community

Hanks, A., Solomon, D., & Weller, C.E. (2018, February 21). Systematic inequality: How America’s structural racism helped create the Black-White wealth gap. The Center for American Progress. Retrieved from https://www.americanprogress.org/article/systematic-inequality

Institute on Disability/UCED. (n.d.). 2021 annual disability infographic: Experience of people with disabilities in rural America. Retrieved from https://disabilitycompendium.org/sites/default/files/user-uploads/Events/2022ReleaseYear/Infographic%20-%20Rural%20-%202021%20-%20WEB.pdf

Institute on Disability/UCED. (n.d.). 2021 annual disability infographic: Social inequities experienced by African Americans. Retrieved from https://disabilitycompendium.org/sites/default/files/user-uploads/Events/2022ReleaseYear/Infographic%20-%20Afr%20Amer%20-%202021%20-%20WEB.pdf

Johnson, P. (2012). Sexism. In Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics (Second Edition). Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/psychology/sexism

Levi, J. L. & Barry, K.M. (2021, February 22). Embracing the ADA: Transgender people and disability rights. Retrieved from https://blog.harvardlawreview.org/embracing-the-ada-transgender-people-and-disability-rights

Losen, D. J. (2018, April). Disabling punishment: The need for remedies to the disparate loss of instruction experienced by Black students with disabilities. The Center for Civil Rights Remedies at The Civil Rights Project, Charles Hamilton Houston Institute for Race & Justice. Retrieved from https://today.law.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/disabling-punishment-report-.pdf

Movement Advancement Project. (2019, July). LGBT People With Disabilities. Retrieved from https://www.lgbtmap.org/lgbt-people-disabilities

Murphy, S.L., Kochanek, K.D., Xu, J., Arias, E. (2021, December). Mortality in the United States, 2020. National Center for Health Statistics Data Brief, No. 427. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db427.pdf

Novoa, C. (2020, January 29). The child care crisis disproportionately affects children with disabilities. The Center for American Progress. Retrieved from https://www.americanprogress.org/article/child-care-crisis-disproportionately-affects-children-disabilities

U.S. Department of Education. (2021, August 10). OSEP releases fast facts on the race and ethnicity of children with disabilities served under IDEA Part B. Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services Blog. Retrieved from https://sites.ed.gov/osers/2021/08/osep-releases-fast-facts-on-the-race-and-ethnicity-of-children-with-disabilities-served-under-idea-part-b

Varadaraj, V., Deal. J.A., & Campanile, J. (2021, October 21). National prevalence of disability and disability types among adults in the U.S., 2019. JAMA Network Open, 4(10). Retrieved from https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2785329

Williams, E. & Musumeci, M. (2021, October 4). Children with special health care needs: Coverage, affordability, and HCBS Access. Kaiser Family Foundation. Retrieved from https://www.kff.org/medicaid/issue-brief/children-with-special-health-care-needs-coverage-affordability-and-hcbs-access

Young, N.A.E. & Crankshaw, K. (2021, March 25). U.S. childhood disability rate up in 2019 from 2008: Disability rates highest among American Indian and Alaska Native children and children living in poverty. U.S. Census Bureau America Counts. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/03/united-states-childhood-disability-rate-up-in-2019-from-2008.html

Education

Carnock J.T. & Silva, E. (2019, July 30). English learners with disabilities: Shining a light on dual-identified students. New America. Retrieved from https://www.newamerica.org/education-policy/reports/english-learners-disabilities-shining-light-dual-identified-students

Dynarski, S. (2019, March 17). Breaking barriers to college for high-achieving, low-income students. Econofact. Retrieved from https://econofact.org/breaking-barriers-to-college-for-high-achieving-low-income-students

National Center for Learning Disabilities. (2020). Significant disproportionality in special education: Current trends and actions for impact. Retrieved from https://www.ncld.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/2020-NCLD-Disproportionality_Trends-and-Actions-for-Impact_FINAL-1.pdf

National Disability Institute. (2017). Financial inequality: Disability, race, and poverty in America. Retrieved from https://www.nationaldisabilityinstitute.org/reports/financial-inequality-disability-race-and-poverty-in-america

Parker, D. R. & Markle, L. (2021, February 1). Ready, willing, but still underemployed. Retrieved from https://www.naceweb.org/diversity-equity-and-inclusion/individuals-with-disabilities/ready-willing-but-still-underemployed

Stanford Graduate School of Education. (2021, May 24). Schools in: How disability intersects with race [podcast]. Retrieved from https://ed.stanford.edu/news/how-disability-intersects-race-language-and-social-class

United State Government Accountability Office. (2019, April). Special education: Varied state criteria may contribute to differences in percentage of children served. Retrieved from https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-19-348.pdf

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2021, April 21). Employment projections: Earnings and unemployment rates by educational attainment, 2021. Retrieved from https://www.bls.gov/emp/chart-unemployment-earnings-education.htm

U. S. Department of Labor. (2022, April 1). 14(c) certificate holders. Retrieved from https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/workers-with-disabilities/section-14c/certificate-holders

Employment

American Network of Community Options and Resources. (n.d.). The state of America’s direct support workforce 2021: New research finds COVID-19 Pandemic further decimating a direct care workforce in crisis. Retrieved from https://www.ancor.org/sites/default/files/the_state_of_americas_direct_support_workforce_crisis_2021.pdf

Cheeseman Day, J. & Taylor, D. (2019, March 21). Do people with disabilities earn equal pay? America Counts: Stories Behind the Numbers, U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2019/03/do-people-with-disabilities-earn-equal-pay.html

Golden, R. (2020, July 16). Why do pay gaps persist for U.S. workers with disabilities? Retrieved from https://www.hrdive.com/news/why-do-pay-gaps-persist-for-us-workers-with-disabilities/581533

Hostetter, M. & Klein, S. (2021, July 1). Placing a higher value on direct care workers. Commonwealth Fund. Retrieved from https://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/2021/jul/placing-higher-value-direct-care-workers

Knackstedt, K. (2022, April 1). The movement to invest in disabled workers is gaining ground. The Century Foundation. Retrieved from https://tcf.org/content/commentary/the-movement-to-invest-in-disabled-workers-is-gaining-ground

Kaiser Family Foundation. (2021, October 8). In focus groups, direct care workers and unpaid caregivers describe low-wage, physically-challenging work that is often mentally overwhelming and marked by uncertainty. Retrieved from https://www.kff.org/medicaid/press-release/in-focus-groups-direct-care-workers-and-unpaid-caregivers-describe-low-wage-physically-challenging-work-that-is-often-mentally-overwhelming-and-marked-by-uncertainty

PHI. (2020, September 8). Direct care workers in the United States: Key facts. Retrieved from http://www.phinational.org/resource/direct-care-workers-in-the-united-states-key-facts

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2022, February 24). Persons with a disability: Labor force characteristics — 2021 [press release]. Retrieved from https://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/disabl.pdf

U.S. Census Bureau (2021, October). National Disability Employment Awareness Month: October 2021 [press release]. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/newsroom/stories/disability-employment-awareness-month.html

U.S. Commission on Civil Rights. (2020, September). Subminimum wages: Impacts on the civil rights of people with disabilities. Retrieved from https://www.usccr.gov/files/2020/2020-09-17-Subminimum-Wages-Report.pdf

U.S. Department of Labor. (n.d.). Employment laws: Disability & discrimination. Retrieved from https://www.dol.gov/agencies/odep/publications/fact-sheets/employment-laws-disability-and-discrimination#:~:text=The%20Americans%20with%20Disabilities%20Act,local%20government%20services%2C%20and%20telecommunications

U.S. Department of Labor. (2008, July). Fact Sheet #39: The employment of workers with disabilities at subminimum wages. Retrieved from https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/fact-sheets/39-14c-subminimum-wage

Valla, R., Fremstad, S. & Ekman, L. (2015, January 28). A fair shot for workers with disabilities. Center for American Progress. Retrieved from https://www.americanprogress.org/article/a-fair-shot-for-workers-with-disabilities

Yoe, J. (2019, July). Why are older people working longer? Monthly Labor Review. Retrieved from https://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2019/beyond-bls/why-are-older-people-working-longer.htm

Housing

Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. (2021, September 15). More housing vouchers needed to help disabled people afford homes in the community. Retrieved from https://www.cbpp.org/research/housing/more-housing-vouchers-needed-to-help-disabled-people-afford-homes-in-the-community

Children’s HealthWatch. (2018, April). Policy action report: Children with special health care needs and disabilities: Solutions for stable homes. Retrieved from https://childrenshealthwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/CSHCN-and-Housing.pdf

Disability Network Southwest Michigan. (2022, January 7). It’s time to do something about housing inequality for people with disabilities. Retrieved from https://www.dnswm.org/its-time-to-do-something-about-housing-inequality-for-people-with-disabilities

Lake, J., Novack, V., & Ives-Rublee, M. (2021, May 27). Recognizing and addressing housing insecurity for disabled renters. The Center for American Progress. Retrieved from https://www.americanprogress.org/article/recognizing-addressing-housing-insecurity-disabled-renters

Medicaid and CHIP Payment and Access Commission. (2020, August). Issue Brief: State management of home- and community-based services waiver waiting lists. Retrieved from https://www.macpac.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/State-Management-of-Home-and-Community-Based-Services-Waiver-Waiting-Lists.pdf

Novack, V. & Moh, K. (2021, August 5). The ADA at 31: Access to housing and health care must meet the rise of disability in the U.S. The Center for American Progress. Retrieved from https://www.americanprogress.org/article/ada-31-access-housing-health-care-must-meet-rise-disability-u-s

Thomas, E.V. & Vercruysse, C. (2019, June 14). Homelessness among individuals with disabilities: Influential factors and scalable solutions. NACCHO Essential Elements. Retrieved from https://www.naccho.org/blog/articles/homelessness-among-individuals-with-disabilities-influential-factors-and-scalable-solutions

Health

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). Disability and health data system (DHDS). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/disabilityandhealth/dhds/index.html

Gallegos, A.J. (2021, April 1). Misperceptions of people with disabilities lead to low-quality care: How policy makers can counter the harm and injustice. Health Affairs. Retrieved from https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/forefront.20210325.480382

McCook, T. (2017, May). Food insecurity among adults with disabilities in Cook County: Realities and remedies. Greater Chicago Food Depository. Retrieved from https://www.chicagosfoodbank.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Disabilities_report_summary.pdf

Heath, S. (2021, August 26). Social determinants of health affect mobility, disability status. Patient Engagement HIT. Retrieved from https://patientengagementhit.com/news/social-determinants-of-health-affect-mobility-disability-status

MACPAC. (2020, August). Issue brief: State management of home- and community-based services waiting lists. Retrieved from https://www.macpac.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/State-Management-of-Home-and-Community-Based-Services-Waiver-Waiting-Lists.pdf

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine. (2018, March 1). Health-care utilization as a proxy in disability determination. The National Academies Press. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK500097

Novack, V. & Moh, K. (2021, August 5). The ADA at 31: Access to housing and healthcare must meet the rise of disability in the U.S. The Center for American Progress. Retrieved from https://www.americanprogress.org/article/ada-31-access-housing-health-care-must-meet-rise-disability-u-s

Pollack, H.A., Johnston, K. & Wen, H. (2021, July 23). American with disabilities are a health disparity population that deserves greater attention and resources. Milbank Quarterly Opinion. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1599/mqop.2021.0722

Coleman-Jensen, A. (2020, December 7). Thirty years after enactment of the Americans with Disabilities Act, disabilities remain a risk factor for food insecurity. Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Retrieved from https://www.ers.usda.gov/amber-waves/2020/december/thirty-years-after-enactment-of-the-americans-with-disabilities-act-disabilities-remain-a-risk-factor-for-food-insecurity

Williams, E., Musumeci, M. (2021, October 4). Children with special health care needs: Coverage, affordability, and HCBS access. Kaiser Family Foundation. Retrieved from https://www.kff.org/medicaid/issue-brief/children-with-special-health-care-needs-coverage-affordability-and-hcbs-access

Technology

Atske, S. & Perrin, A. (2021, July 16). Home broadband adoption, computer ownership vary by race, ethnicity in the U.S. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/07/16/home-broadband-adoption-computer-ownership-vary-by-race-ethnicity-in-the-u-s

National Institutes of Health. (2018, October 24). What are some types of assistive devices and how they are used? Retrieved from https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/rehabtech/conditioninfo/device

Perrin, A. & Atske, S. (2021, September 10). Americans with disabilities less likely than those without to own some digital devices. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/09/10/americans-with-disabilities-less-likely-than-those-without-to-own-some-digital-devices

Vogels, E.A. (2021, August 19). Some digital divides persist between rural, urban and suburban America. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/08/19/some-digital-divides-persist-between-rural-urban-and-suburban-america

W3C Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI). (2022, March 18). Web content accessibility guidelines. Retrieved from https://www.w3.org/WAI/standards-guidelines/wcag

Public Assistance/Asset Limits

Altiraifi, A. (2020, April 7). A deadly poverty trap: Asset limits in the time of the Coronavirus. The Center for American Progress. Retrieved from https://www.americanprogress.org/article/deadly-poverty-trap-asset-limits-time-coronavirus

Benefits.gov. (n.d.). Supplemental Security Income (SSI). Retrieved from https://www.benefits.gov/benefit/4412#:~:text=To%20be%20eligible%20for%20this,permitted%20alien%20meeting%20additional%20requirements

Buffie, N. (2021, September 20). SSI reform would boost incomes for seniors and disabled people. The Center for American Progress. Retrieved from https://www.americanprogress.org/article/ssi-reform-boost-incomes-seniors-disabled-people

Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. (2022, January 6). A quick guide to SNAP eligibility and benefits. Retrieved from https://www.cbpp.org/research/food-assistance/a-quick-guide-to-snap-eligibility-and-benefits

Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta. (n.d.). What are benefits cliffs? Retrieved from https://www.atlantafed.org/economic-mobility-and-resilience/advancing-careers-for-low-income-families/what-are-benefits-cliffs

Feeding America. (2020). Health, disability, and food insecurity. Retrieved from https://www.feedingamerica.org/sites/default/files/2020-06/Map%20the%20Meal%20Gap%202020%20Health_Disability_and%20Food%20Insecurity%20Module.pdf

Minton, S. & Giannarelli, L. (2019, February.) Five things you may not know about the U.S. social safety net. Urban Institute. Retrieved from https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/99674/five_things_you_may_not_know_about_the_us_social_safety_net_1.pdf

Social Security Administration. (2021, October). SSI annual statistical report, 2020. SS Publication No. 13-11827. Retrieved from https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/statcomps/ssi_asr

Swenor, B.K., Cahill, R.M. & Samuel, L.J. (2021, May 17). Food insecurity in the disability community: Disparities in SNAP access. Health Affairs. Retrieved from https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/forefront.20210513.420153

COVID-19 Impact

Administration for Community Living. (2022, April). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people with disabilities: Research findings. Retrieved from https://acl.gov/sites/default/files/COVID19/ACL_Research_ImpactC19-PWD.pdf

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). COVID-19 information and resources: Toolkit for people with disabilities. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/humandevelopment/covid-19/toolkit-for-people-with-disabilities.html

Ives-Rublee, M. & Sloane, C. (2021, December 21). Alleviating food insecurity in the disabled community: Lessons learned from community solutions during the pandemic. The Center for American Progress. Retrieved from https://www.americanprogress.org/article/alleviating-food-insecurity-in-the-disabled-community

National Council on Disability. (2021, October 29). 2021 progress report: The impact of COVID-19 on people with disabilities. Retrieved from https://ncd.gov/progressreport/2021/2021-progress-report

New America.org. (2021, March 3). [ONLINE]-Covid-19 and the disability experience [webcast]. Retrieved from: https://www.newamerica.org/new-practice-lab/events/covid-19-and-the-disability-experience [Note: key policy recommendations that emerged: https://www.aapd.com/press-releases/covid-19-storybook]

Ryerson, A.B., Rice, C.E., Hung, M., Patel, S.A, Weeks, J.D., Kriss, J.L., Peacock, G., Lu, P., Asif, A.F., Jackson, H.L., & Singleton, J.A. (2021, October 1). Disparities in COVID-19 vaccination status, intent, and perceived access for noninstitutionalized adults, by disability status — National Immunization Survey Adult COVID Module, United States, May 30–June 26, 2021. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR),70(39), 1365–1371. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7039

Schaeffer, K. (2020, April 23). As schools shift to online learning amid pandemic, here’s what we know about disabled students in the U.S. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/04/23/as-schools-shift-to-online-learning-amid-pandemic-heres-what-we-know-about-disabled-students-in-the-u-s

Sellers, F.S. (2022, June 6). How long covid could change the way we think about disability. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2022/06/06/long-covid-disability-advocacy

Shakespeare, T., Ndagire, F., Seketi, Q.E. (2021, March 16). Triple jeopardy: disabled people and the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet, 397(10282), 1331–1333. Retrieved from https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(21)00625-5/fulltext#%20

Silva, E. & Musheno, K. (2020, September 25). People with disabilities are getting sidelined in pandemic aid talks – again. Retrieved from https://www.newamerica.org/weekly/people-with-disabilities-are-getting-sidelined-in-pandemic-aid-talks-again

U.S. Department of Education. (2021, June). Education in a pandemic: The disparate impacts of COVID-19 on America’s students. Retrieved from https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/docs/20210608-impacts-of-covid19.pdf

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2021, July 26). Guidance on “long COVID” as a disability under the ADA, Section 504, and Section 1557. Retrieved from https://www.hhs.gov/civil-rights/for-providers/civil-rights-covid19/guidance-long-covid-disability/index.html

Yuan, Y., Thierry, J.M., Bull-Otterson, L., Yeargin-Allsopp, M., Clark, K.E.N., Rice, C., Ritchey, M. & Ryerson, A.B. (2022, June 17). COVID-19 Cases and Hospitalizations Among Medicare Beneficiaries With and Without Disabilities — United States, January 1, 2020–November 20, 2021. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR),71(24),791–796. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7124a3

Whitford, E. (2020, April 30). American cancel education plans. Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved from https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2020/04/30/millions-cancel-and-change-education-plans-response-pandemic

Data Resources

American Community Survey. (2019). 1-year estimates [Public use microdata sample (PUMS)]. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/microdata/access.html

Bureau of Labor Statistics. (n.d.). Occupational employment statistics: May 2019 state occupational employment and wage estimates. U.S. Department of Labor. Retrieved from https://www.bls.gov/oes/2019/may/oessrcst.htm

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021, July 26). Become a disability A.L.L.Y. in your community and promote inclusion for all. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/humandevelopment/become-a-disability-ALLY.html

Lee, J.J., Hudson, E., Brumfield, C. (2019, June). Why the census matters for people with disabilities: A guide to the 2020 census operations and challenges. Center on Poverty and Inequality, Economic Security and Opportunity Initiative. Retrieved from https://censuscounts.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/People-with-Disabilities-Brief.pdf

U.S. Census Bureau. (2021). Household Pulse Survey [Public use file]. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/household-pulse-survey/datasets.html

U.S. Census Bureau. (2021, October 8). Public Use Microdata Areas (PUMAs). Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/geography/guidance/geo-areas/pumas.html